# Multiset Check

MultiSet Check is the process of verifying whether two MultiSets contain the same elements. Unlike a regular set, a MultiSet can include duplicate values. Let's explain this concept with three examples below.

1. The two sets below have the same elements, although in different orders, so they are equal.

$$
\bm{A} = {1, 2, 3, 4} \\
\bm{B} = {1, 2, 3, 2}
$$

2. The two sets below have different sizes, so they aren’t equal.

$$
\bm{A} = {1, 2, 3} \\
\bm{B} = {1,2,3,2}
$$

3. The two sets below are the same size, but only $$\bm{A}$$ contains the value 4, so they aren’t equal.

$$
\bm{A} = {1,2,3,4} \\
\bm{B} = {1,2,3,2}
$$

So, how can we determine if two arbitrary sets satisfy MultiSet equality? At first glance, it might seem sufficient to simply multiply all the values together, but would this really work?

$$
\bm{A} = {a\_0, a\_1 , \dots, a\_{n-1}} \\
\bm{B} = {b\_0, b\_1, \dots, b\_{n-1}} \\
\prod\_{i=0}^{n-1}a\_i \stackrel{?}= \prod\_{i=0}^{n-1}b\_i
$$

In fact, there can be numerous counterexamples to the equation as shown below.

$$
\bm{A} = {1,2,3,4} \\
\bm{B} = {1,1,4,6}
$$

To probabilistically verify the above safely, we can use the [Schwartz–Zippel lemma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwartz%E2%80%93Zippel_lemma) to construct polynomials and perform checks as follows. Using the same example above, if the size of the entire field is $$|\mathbb{F}|$$, the calculations match on only 4 values on both sides, making it probabilistically secure.

$$
\prod\_{i=0}^{n-1}(X - a\_i) \stackrel{?}= \prod\_{i=0}^{n-1}(X - b\_i)
$$

> Written by [Ryan Kim](mailto:undefined) of Fractalyze


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